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A Sociology Exhibit

Organizing Relationships

Wanted, A Young Woman to Do Housework, B... (by Barker, Clara Helene)
Civic Education : Sociological Foundatio... (by David Snedden)
A Far Country (by Churchill, Winston)
Folkways (by Sumner, William Graham)
Women in the Printing Trades: A Sociolog... (by Macdonald, James Ramsay Ed)
Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge (by Mannheim, Karl)
Whirligigs (by Henry, O.)
A History of Social Thought (by Emory Stephen Bogardus)
Outlines of sociology (by Ward, Lester Frank)
Pure Sociology : A Treatise on the Origi... (by Ward, Lester Frank)
Confidences : Talks with a Young Girl Co... (by Edith Belle Lowry)
Women and Economics: A Study of the Econ... (by Charlotte Perkins Gilman)
A Theology for the Social Gospel (by Walter Rauschenbusch)
Siouan Sociology: a Posthumous Paper Volume: 15th 1893-1894
Quaker Hill; A Sociological Study (by Wilson, Warren Hugh)

Organizing Relationships: A Sociology Exhibit

Many disciplines beyond Sociology, such as Mathematics and Psychology and Economics, are utilized in the Social Sciences. In our Collections under these and other topics, contain hundreds of titles by writers and theorists who have dedicated to their lives to the study of human society. Featured books in the following collections include Herbert Spencer, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Talcott Parsons and David Emile Durkheim.

Sociology of Past Power Structures

Throughout history, all sub-disciplines of Sociology, as well and religious and government groups have been studied and experimented with different methods of social organization of population. Sometimes, these attempts at social definitions and control have been tempered, but at other times, rigid – some men have use groups for their own gain. Ultimately, however, if social organization is to be implemented, it has to be understood.

From the beginning of time, both men and animals have used verbal and non-verbal cues and strategies to enforce hierarchy. With chimpanzees, it is the Alpha Male. With men: Domesday Books, mathematics and accounting, psychology and linguistics. The word “organization” is derived from the Greek word organon, which means "organ." Therefore, studies of how groups of people (with a common goal) structure themselves, is the study of mankind and its relationships as a collective.

The Domesday Book, created under the reign of William the Conqueror, has been studied to understand the role of documentation in asserting authority and also to facilitate taxation. According to Young Folks’ History of England, William the Conqueror was a Norman who conquered England. In 1086, he ordered the documentation of land, livestock and taxes under the administration of the previous rulers, to find out what would be transferred over to Norman rule. Whatever was recorded in the Domesday book could not be appealed. The data that William the Conqueror collected into the Domesday book revealed his tendency for control. In the book titled, William the Conqueror, it is said that “William would not set...over any part of his dominions before his time, and it was his policy to keep his children dependent on him. While he enriched his brothers, he did not give the smallest scrap of the spoils of England to his sons” (William the Conqueror, World Heritage Encyclopedia). Robert, his son, was angry about this and fought his father in a battle, but later asked for his pardon. Today, the Domesday Books is considered an artifact of sociological research. Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886 examines how this document changed the course of history in the United Kingdom (Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886, Edward P. Dove).

Debates in Defining Sociology

Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet was a 19th-Century Belgian mathematician, statistician and sociologist who introduced statistical methods into the social sciences. He assigned variables to the complexity of social phenomena, in order to measure the statistical laws underlying crime, marriage or suicide rates. Other scientists thought his ideas were controversial because it contradicted freedom of choice (“Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet,” World Heritage Encyclopedia).

The author of Adolphe Quetelet, A Statistician discusses Auguste Comte as another researcher of social physics and sociology, but that Quetelet invented the method of investigation for “social physics” (Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician, Frank Hamilton Hawkins). So Comte reinvented the term sociologie (sociology) to differentiate it from Quetelet’s collection of statistics (“Adolphe Quetelet,” World Heritage Encyclopedia). Comte believed that there was an order of nature, not of man, which could be scientifically understood by unifying history, psychology and economics. Social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, or using a broader philosophy that methodologically orders scientific observations (Outlines of Sociology, Lester Frank Ward). In this book, Ward writes Comte’s use of the term “hierarchy” did not imply subordination. “There is genetic affiliation without subordination. The more complex and less exact sciences may be regarded as the children of the more simple and exact ones, but between parent and offspring there is no difference or rank.” Additionally, he wrote that Comte “laid the foundations for understanding the more complex sciences by acquainting himself with the simpler ones upon which the other sciences successively rest” (Outlines of Sociology, Lester Frank Ward). Other social scientists like Karl Marx also mixed scientific methods to measure social impacts of industrialization occurring in Europe, documented in his work Wage Labour and Capital ("Wage Labour and Capital," Karl Marx).

Studying Social Life

David Émile Durkheim was a 19th century French sociologist who believed that sociology should study phenomena attributed to society at large, rather than being limited to the specific actions of individuals. Barbara Anne Mendheim however, applied sociology differently in The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom. She writes that people gain knowledge of the social world by identifying typicality and finding language to order their social experience. For example, girls understand that being a girl means being personally relevant and intimate with other people. Boys understand being a boy through being powerful and competent in the world (The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom, Barbara Anne Mendheim). However, in Woman: Her Charm and Power, Robert Downes uses sociological methods to explore how women in Egyptian and Iranian society were given opportunity for education and in leadership. But in Roman culture, women’s roles were to birth children. Women’s positions in society are influenced by the dominant culture’s definition of their functions and role in society (Woman: Her Charm and Power, Robert Downes).

Sociology has also been used to study group relations. Max Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism discusses how entrepreneurs used religion to spread the system of capitalism. By tapping into religious belief systems, he proffered, people could work toward their profit making motive.

Works Cited

"August Compte." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

“David Émile Durkheim.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"Domesday Book." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Dove, P. Edward. "Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886." London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1886.

Downes, Robert. Woman: Her Charm and Power. London: The Epworth Press, 1900.

Hawkins, Frank Hamilton. Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician. New York: Columbia University Press, 1877.

“Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Marx, Karl. "Wage Labour and Capital." Neue Rheinische Zeitung, April 1849. Reproduced: World Public Library, 2002. Web.

Mendheim, Barbara Anne. The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom. Diss. University of Florida, 1979.

“Norman People.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"Sociology." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Ward, Lester Frank. Outlines of Sociology. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1921.

Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Scribner, 1930

“William the Conqueror.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Yonge, Charlotte Mary. Young Folks’ History of England. Boston: Estes and Lauriet, 1879.

Sociology Collections

"Organizing Relationships: A Sociology Exhibit" demonstrates how sociological methods have been used to study the configuration of power, through documentation, analysis of order, and social effects. Sociology brings together different methods of thinking, to understand the complexity of society more accurately, and why we should always be vigilant of power.

Learn more about how the discipline of sociology is used, in these collections:

Top 100 books on Sociology

Wanted, A Young Woman to Do Housework, B... (by Barker, Clara Helene)
Civic Education : Sociological Foundatio... (by David Snedden)
A Far Country (by Churchill, Winston)
Folkways (by Sumner, William Graham)
Women in the Printing Trades: A Sociolog... (by Macdonald, James Ramsay Ed)
Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge (by Mannheim, Karl)
Whirligigs (by Henry, O.)
A History of Social Thought (by Emory Stephen Bogardus)
Outlines of sociology (by Ward, Lester Frank)
Pure Sociology : A Treatise on the Origi... (by Ward, Lester Frank)
Confidences : Talks with a Young Girl Co... (by Edith Belle Lowry)
Women and Economics: A Study of the Econ... (by Charlotte Perkins Gilman)
A Theology for the Social Gospel (by Walter Rauschenbusch)
Siouan Sociology: a Posthumous Paper Volume: 15th 1893-1894
Quaker Hill; A Sociological Study (by Wilson, Warren Hugh)

Top 100 books on Psychology

A Mind That Found Itself (by Beers, Clifford Whittingham)
Talks to Teachers on Psychology, And to ... (by James, William)
The Principles of Psychology (by William James)
Self Mastery through Conscious Autosugge... (by Coue, Emile)
The Principles of Psychology (by William James)
Talks to Teachers on Psychology, And to ... (by James, William)
Crime and Punishment (by Dostoevsky, Fyodor)
Buddhist Psychology; An Inquiry into the... (by Davids, Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys)
Three Contributions to the Sexual Theory (by Freud, Sigmund)
Beyond the Pleasure Principle (by Sigmund Freud)
A Young Girl's Diary (by Freud, Sigmund)
The Nervous Housewife (by Myerson, Abraham)
How to Use Your Mind (by Kitson, Harry D.)
Animal Intelligence : Experimental Studi... (by Thorndike, Edward Lee)
Practical Lessons in Psychology (by William Otterbein Krohn)

Top 100 books on Economics

Communism in the United States (by Browder, Earl Russell)
Classless Capitalism (by Stern, Frederick Martin.)
Autobiography of Mother Jones, The (by Jones, Mary Harris)
The Morality of Capitalism
Alfred Weber's Theory of the Location of... (by Weber, Alfred)
Animal Farm (by Orwell, George)
Prince, The (Version 2) (by Machiavelli, Niccolo)
Socialism, Utopian and Scientific (by Engels, Friedrich)
Annie Besant : An Autobiography (by Annie Wood Besant)
The Grapes of Wrath (by Steinbeck, John)
The Social Contract, Or Principles of Po... (by Rousseau, Jean Jacques)
A Treatise on Political Economy : Or the... (by Jean Baptiste Say)
Conquest of bread, The (by Kropotkin, Peter)
What Is Property (by Proudhon, Pierre Joseph)
Looking Backward from 2000 to 1887 (by Bellamy, Edward)

Top 100 books on Government

Utopia (by More, Thomas, Sir)
Prince, The (Version 2) (by Machiavelli, Niccolo)
Abraham Lincoln's Stories and Speeches :... (by Lincoln, Abraham)
Virginia Declaration of Rights and Cardi... (by Mason, George)
Utopia (by More, Thomas, Sir, Saint, 1478-1535)
Lao-Tzu : A Study in Chinese Philosophy (by Watters, Thomas)
Deposition of Air Pollutants to the Grea... (by Allan, Mary Ann)
The Works of Aristotle : Volume 12 (by Aristotle)
On the Duty of Civil Disobedience (by Thoreau, Henry David)
Between Past and Future : Six Exercises ... (by Hannah Arendt)
1581 : The Dutch Declaration of Independ... (by Hutchinson, Joshua)
Declaration of Colonial Rights : Resolut...
Das Kapital (by Karl Marx)
The Mayflower Compact
The Declaration of Arbroath

Top 100 books on Law

Human Rights (by Carter, Jimmy)
Principles of English Law : Founded on B... (by Campbell, Robert)
John King of England (by John T Appledy)
Nuclear proliferation : future U.S. fore... (by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Inter...)
Meditations, The (by Marcus Aurelius)
On Liberty (by Mill, John Stuart)
Introduction to Roman Law (by Hadley, James)
Crime and Custom in Savage Society (by Malinowski, Bronislaw, 1884-1942)
Moses Whitmire, Trustee for the Freedmen... (by United States. Department of Justice.)
The Federalist Papers (by Hamilton, Alexander)
The Idea of a League of Nations; Prolego... (by League of Nations Union)
Oliver Twist (by Dickens, Charles)
Sacred Text : the Age of Reason Volume IV (by Paine, Thomas)
Terrorism, The Future, And U.S. Foreign ... (by Lee, Rensselaer)
Sovereign Immunity : Hearing before the ... Volume Part: 1 (by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee On Indi...)

Top 100 books on Politics

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Tom Sawy... (by Twain, Mark)
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Dougl...
Political Ideals (by Russell, Bertrand)
Politics (by Aristotle)
The Republic (by Plato)
The Social Contract, Or Principles of Po... (by Rousseau, Jean Jacques)
A Modest Proposal (by Swift, Jonathan)
Ten Days that Shook the World (by Reed, John)
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The (by Twain, Mark)
The State and Revolution (by Lenin, V. I.)
Vindication of the Rights of Woman (by Wollstonecraft, Mary)
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Tom Sawy... (by Twain, Mark)
The Law (by Bastiat, Frédéric)
The Politics of Obedience : The Discours... (by De La Boetie, Étienne)
Art of War, The (version 2) (by Sun Tzu)

Top 100 books on Anthropology

Anthropology (by Marett, R. R. (Robert Ranulph))
Journal of Ethnobiology. Volume: v. 16-17 1996-97 (by Center for Western Studies (Flagstaff, Ariz.))
The Positive School of Criminology (by Ferri, Enrico)
Chinook : An Illustrative Sketch (by Franz Boas)
American Anthropologist (by The American Anthropological Association)
Current Anthropological Literature Volume 1 (by American Anthropological Association)
On the Functions of the Brain and of Eac... (by Gall, F. J., Franz Joséf)
An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology (by Lowie, Robert Harry)
The Scope of Social Anthropology; A Lect... (by Frazer, James George, Sir)
Pathological Lying, Accusation, And Swin... (by Healy, William)
Social Anthropology (by Evans-Pritchard, Edward Evan)
Kon Tiki Across the Pacific by Raft (by Thor Heyerdahl)
The Journal of the Royal Anthropological... (by Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ire...)
The Living World : Containing Descriptio... Volume v 1 (by Arnold, Augustus C. L.)
Catalogue of Works on European Philology... (by Quarich, Bernard)

Top 100 books on Mathematics

Deductive Logic (by Stock, St. George)
The Algebra of Logic (by Couturat, Louis)
A Treatise of Celestial Mechanics : Pt. ... Volume Pt. 1-2 (by Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis De)
The Golden Verses of Pythagoras (by Fabre Dolivet, Antoine)
A Treatise on the Differential Calculus (by William Walton)
Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy (by Russell, Bertrand)
The Elements of Non Euclidean Geometry (by Sommerville, Duncan Mlaren Young)
The Elements of the Theory of Algebraic ... (by Reid, Legh Wilber)
A Short Account of the History of Mathem... (by Ball, Walter William Rouse)
Calcul des Probabilités. Lecons Professé... (by Poincaré, Henri)
A Treatise on the Calculus of Finite Dif... (by Boole, George)
Flatland : A Romance of Many Dimensions (by Edwin Abbott)
The Sand-reckoner of Archimedes, Score A... (by Heath, Thomas)
Ptolemy's Cataloque of Stars; A Revision... (by Ptolemy)
Flatland (by Abbott, Edwin A.)

Top 100 books on Economics

Communism in the United States (by Browder, Earl Russell)
Classless Capitalism (by Stern, Frederick Martin.)
Autobiography of Mother Jones, The (by Jones, Mary Harris)
The Morality of Capitalism
Alfred Weber's Theory of the Location of... (by Weber, Alfred)
Animal Farm (by Orwell, George)
Prince, The (Version 2) (by Machiavelli, Niccolo)
Socialism, Utopian and Scientific (by Engels, Friedrich)
Annie Besant : An Autobiography (by Annie Wood Besant)
The Grapes of Wrath (by Steinbeck, John)
The Social Contract, Or Principles of Po... (by Rousseau, Jean Jacques)
A Treatise on Political Economy : Or the... (by Jean Baptiste Say)
Conquest of bread, The (by Kropotkin, Peter)
What Is Property (by Proudhon, Pierre Joseph)
Looking Backward from 2000 to 1887 (by Bellamy, Edward)